1.      Parliament Challenges King Charles During Crisis - JONATHAN HEALEY

1940 BLACKOUT PARLIAMENT
    Parliament Challenges King Charles During Crisis
Jonathan Healey, author of The Blood in Winter: England on the Brink of Civil War, 1642, Part One: In October 1641, King Charles I backed "The Incident," a failed plot in Edinburgh to arrest Scottish Covenanter leaders Argyll and Hamilton, forcing Charles to make major constitutional concessions to the Scottish Parliament. Returning to London, Charles confronted the Long Parliament, which had forced the execution of his key minister, the Earl of Strafford, via a Bill of Attainder under intense crowd pressure. Power shifted toward the parliamentary Junto led by John Pym in the House of Commons and Lord Mandeville in the House of Lords. Pym skillfully managed debates and coordinated reformist strategy alongside Puritans who opposed Charles's High Church religious policies and arbitrary taxation. Tensions peaked during late-night debates illuminated by candles over the Grand Remonstrance, a document detailing royal misrule. Despite fierce royalist opposition, Parliament passed the Remonstrance to rally popular public support. (1)